Glucagon (recombinant) 1 mg per vial

A hyperglycaemic hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that acts in opposition to insulin. It is used as an emergency injection (vial or nasal presentation) for the emergency treatment of severe hypoglycaemic coma. The reference products are glucagon for injection (originally porcine-sequence) and its autoinjector. **Note**: the source file describes "recombinant glucagon", whereas CAS 16941-32-5 corresponds to **porcine glucagon**. Human recombinant glucagon has a different CAS record (commonly 155701-42-3). The sequences differ (29 versus 31 amino acids), so the source of the active ingredient should be explicitly verified

Emergency treatment of severe, consciousness-impairing hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes (particularly those on insulin or sulfonylureas); also used to suppress gastrointestinal motility during imaging and for glucagon stimulation testing; indications follow the locally approved label

Binds the hepatic Gs receptor, activates adenylyl cyclase, raises cAMP and stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis for a rapid rise in blood glucose; rapid onset but a short half-life (minutes); secondary rebound insulin release may occur

Administer immediately subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously in an emergency; always follow with glucose or carbohydrate to prevent recurrence; monitor glucose after administration and address the trigger; recurrent episodes require re-evaluation of the treatment plan

Pens and solutions may contain excipients such as benzyl alcohol, which requires caution in certain populations. This is an emergency medicine and does not replace long-term diabetes management. Hypoglycaemia caused by sulfonylurea or long-acting-insulin overdose may not be corrected by glucagon alone and requires glucose. Used pens must be discarded safely to prevent injury to others

Older adults and patients with renal impairment are more susceptible to hypoglycaemia and require prompt correction; weight-based dosing in children; specialist advice in pregnancy and lactation; aspiration risk with the nasal presentation when used in comatose patients

Prescription medicine. Emergency use only; storage and use must follow the label. Not for weight management or performance purposes in healthy individuals. For athletes, glucagon itself is not on the WADA Prohibited List, but its use may interfere with analytical baselines and must be proactively declared; more importantly, repeated use usually indicates concurrent use of other hypoglycaemic or metabolic-modifying agents

Glucagon itself is not on the WADA Prohibited List. However, repeated use is commonly associated with TZDs, insulin and SGLT2 agents (which are prohibited or controlled), so testing often yields positive metabolic-modulator findings

Identification (peptide mapping/MS), assay (HPLC or immunoassay), sterility and endotoxin, lyophilisate appearance and reconstitution time, clarity and stability after reconstitution, fill volume, bioactivity where applicable; COA

**Note**: the source file states "recombinant glucagon", but CAS 16941-32-5 corresponds to **porcine** glucagon (29 aa); human recombinant glucagon is commonly 155701-42-3 (31 aa). Active-ingredient sourcing must be verified with the supplier.